“Venera”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

Venera

Astronomy

A series of space probes to the planet Venus, launched by the former Soviet Union. Veneras 4–6 ejected capsules which sent back information on the atmosphere of Venus before being crushed by the intense pressure. Venera 7 made the first successful landing on Venus; the Venera 9 lander took the first pictures of the planet’s surface, while its orbiter section was the first craft to orbit Venus. Venera 13 made the first analysis of the planet’s soil.

Successful Venera Probes^a

Probe	Launch date	Results
Venera 4	1967 June 12	Ejected capsule into atmosphere of Venus October 18
Venera 5	1969 January 5	Ejected capsule into atmosphere of Venus May 16
Venera 6	1969 January 10	Ejected capsule into atmosphere of Venus May 17
Venera 7	1970 August 17	Ejected capsule which landed on Venus December 15
Venera 8	1972 March 27	Ejected capsule which landed on Venus July 22
Venera 9	1975 June 8	Combined orbiter and lander, arrived at Venus October 22
Venera 10	1975 June 14	Combined orbiter and lander, arrived at Venus October 25
Venera 11	1978 September 9	Ejected lander which reached surface of Venus December 25
Venera 12	1978 September 14	Ejected lander which reached surface of Venus December 21
Venera 13	1981 October 30	Ejected lander which reached surface of Venus 1982 March 1
Venera 14	1981 November 4	Ejected lander which reached surface of Venus 1982 March 5
Venera 15	1983 June 2	Went into orbit around Venus October 10, mapped surface by radar
Venera 16	1983 June 7	Went into orbit around Venus October 14, mapped surface by radar

^a Veneras 1–3 were failures.

Space Exploration

A series of 16 Soviet space probes launched towards Venus throughout 1961–83.
Venera 4 (October 1967) and Venera 5 and Venera 6 (May 1969) entered the atmosphere of the planet but were destroyed by the intense heat and pressure before they reached the surface. Venera 7 became the first spacecraft to land on Venus, on 15 December 1970, followed by Venera 8 in July 1972, Venera 9 and Venera 10 in October 1975 (first pictures from the surface), Venera 11 and Venera 12 in December 1978, and Venera 13 and Venera 14 in March 1982 (first soil analysis). Venera 15 and Venera 16, arriving in orbit in October 1983, made radar maps of the cloud-covered planet.
Soviet space probe Venera 13 on the surface of Venus.
Credit: NASA

Geology and Earth Sciences

A series of sixteen Soviet missions to Venus that ran from 1967 to 1983.
http://www.mentallandscape.com/V_Venus.htm An SRI programme to study Venus.