Growing a crop to produce goods for sale or for barter, rather than for the subsistence of the farmer and family. Tungittiplakorn and Dearden (2002) Biodiv. & Conserv. 11, 11, in a study of increased cash cropping in Thailand, find that, with reduced need for hunting, cash cropping may aid biodiversity conservation. Lim and Douglas (1998) Asia Pac. Viewpt 39, 3 describe the results of pressure from the Malaysian government to switch from shifting cultivation to cash cropping: land shortages, increased use of agricultural chemicals, and the failure of sustainable agriculture.