“bias”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

bias

Mathematics

A prejudice or a lack of objectivity or randomness resulting in an imbalance that makes it likely that the outcome will tend to be distorted. In statistics this is when a process contains some systematic imbalance so that, on average, the outcome of the process is not equal to the true value. Randomization techniques are employed to try and remove bias that may result from other sample estimator selection methods requiring choices to be made. See also non-response bias, response bias, selection bias, self-selected samples.

Statistics

See estimator.

Computer

1. The d.c. component of an a.c. signal.
2. The d.c. voltage used to switch on or off a bipolar transistor or diode (see forward bias, reverse bias), or the d.c. gate-source voltage used to control the d.c. drain-source current in a field-effect transistor. The word is also used as a verb: to switch.
3. The d.c. voltage or current used to set the operating point in linear amplifiers.
4. In statistical usage, a source of error that cannot be reduced by increasing sample size. It is systematic as opposed to random error.
Sources of bias include
1. (a) bias in sampling, when members of the sample are not fully representative of the population being studied;
2. (b) nonresponse bias in sample surveys, when an appreciable proportion of those questioned fail to reply;
3. (c) question bias, a tendency for the wording of the question to invite an incorrect reply;
4. (d) interviewer bias, a problem of personal interviewing when respondents try to reply in the way the interviewer is thought to expect.
A narrower definition of bias in statistical analysis (see statistical methods) is the difference between the mean of an estimating formula and the true value of the quantity being estimated. The estimate
$\sum_{i} {(x_{i} - \bar{x})}^{2} / n$
for the variance of a population is biased, but is unbiased when n is replaced by (n–1).
5. (excess factor) See floating-point notation.

Electronics and Electrical Engineering

A voltage applied to an electronic device to ensure that it operates on a particular portion of its characteristic curve.

单词	bias
释义	bias Mathematics A prejudice or a lack of objectivity or randomness resulting in an imbalance that makes it likely that the outcome will tend to be distorted. In statistics this is when a process contains some systematic imbalance so that, on average, the outcome of the process is not equal to the true value. Randomization techniques are employed to try and remove bias that may result from other sample estimator selection methods requiring choices to be made. See also non-response bias, response bias, selection bias, self-selected samples. Statistics See estimator. Computer 1. The d.c. component of an a.c. signal. 2. The d.c. voltage used to switch on or off a bipolar transistor or diode (see forward bias, reverse bias), or the d.c. gate-source voltage used to control the d.c. drain-source current in a field-effect transistor. The word is also used as a verb: to switch. 3. The d.c. voltage or current used to set the operating point in linear amplifiers. 4. In statistical usage, a source of error that cannot be reduced by increasing sample size. It is systematic as opposed to random error. Sources of bias include (a) bias in sampling, when members of the sample are not fully representative of the population being studied; (b) nonresponse bias in sample surveys, when an appreciable proportion of those questioned fail to reply; (c) question bias, a tendency for the wording of the question to invite an incorrect reply; (d) interviewer bias, a problem of personal interviewing when respondents try to reply in the way the interviewer is thought to expect. A narrower definition of bias in statistical analysis (see statistical methods) is the difference between the mean of an estimating formula and the true value of the quantity being estimated. The estimate $\sum_{i} {(x_{i} - \bar{x})}^{2} / n$ for the variance of a population is biased, but is unbiased when n is replaced by (n–1). 5. (excess factor) See floating-point notation. Electronics and Electrical Engineering A voltage applied to an electronic device to ensure that it operates on a particular portion of its characteristic curve.
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