“transformation”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

transformation

Mathematics

A term loosely synonymous with function, particularly a function mapping a set to itself. A linear transformation is a linear map.

Statistics

A function of a random variable (or of a statistic). Examples are √X or ln X, where X is the variable. Using the transformed variable may, for example, simplify a model or stabilize the variance.

Chemistry

The conversion of a compound into a particular product, irrespective of the reagents or mechanism involved.

Chemical Engineering

1. The conversion of reactants to products irrespective of the chemical, physical, or biochemical process route involved.

2. The change in a mathematical expression or equation resulting from the substitution of one set of variables by another.

3. The change in an atomic nucleus to a different nuclide as the result of the emission of either an alpha particle or a beta particle.

Computer

1. Another name for function, used especially in geometry.
2. (of programs) See program transformation.
3. (of statistics data) A change of scale used to improve the validity of statistical analyses. For data in which small values have smaller variance than large values a logarithmic or square-root transformation is often recommended. For data in the form of proportions, a transformation from the scale (0,1) to an infinite scale is advisable before performing analysis of variance or regression analysis. Several transformations exist for proportions, such as the logistic or log-odds-ratio that is used in the analysis of generalized linear models. Appropriate transformations may be suggested by studying residuals in a regression analysis.

Biology

1. A permanent heritable change in a cell, particularly a bacterial cell, that occurs as a result of its acquiring foreign DNA. For example, nonvirulent bacterial cells can be transformed into virulent forms if cultured in a medium containing killed virulent bacteria. In cloning, the host cells are transformed by the insertion of recombinant DNA. See gene cloning.
2. The conversion of a normal cell into a malignant cell (see cancer), which is brought about by mutation of genes and consequent cellular changes, sometimes through the action of carcinogens or oncogenic viruses.

Economics

See marginal rate of transformation; structural transformation.

单词	transformation
释义	transformation Mathematics A term loosely synonymous with function, particularly a function mapping a set to itself. A linear transformation is a linear map. Statistics A function of a random variable (or of a statistic). Examples are √X or ln X, where X is the variable. Using the transformed variable may, for example, simplify a model or stabilize the variance. Chemistry The conversion of a compound into a particular product, irrespective of the reagents or mechanism involved. Chemical Engineering 1. The conversion of reactants to products irrespective of the chemical, physical, or biochemical process route involved. 2. The change in a mathematical expression or equation resulting from the substitution of one set of variables by another. 3. The change in an atomic nucleus to a different nuclide as the result of the emission of either an alpha particle or a beta particle. Computer 1. Another name for function, used especially in geometry. 2. (of programs) See program transformation. 3. (of statistics data) A change of scale used to improve the validity of statistical analyses. For data in which small values have smaller variance than large values a logarithmic or square-root transformation is often recommended. For data in the form of proportions, a transformation from the scale (0,1) to an infinite scale is advisable before performing analysis of variance or regression analysis. Several transformations exist for proportions, such as the logistic or log-odds-ratio that is used in the analysis of generalized linear models. Appropriate transformations may be suggested by studying residuals in a regression analysis. Biology 1. A permanent heritable change in a cell, particularly a bacterial cell, that occurs as a result of its acquiring foreign DNA. For example, nonvirulent bacterial cells can be transformed into virulent forms if cultured in a medium containing killed virulent bacteria. In cloning, the host cells are transformed by the insertion of recombinant DNA. See gene cloning. 2. The conversion of a normal cell into a malignant cell (see cancer), which is brought about by mutation of genes and consequent cellular changes, sometimes through the action of carcinogens or oncogenic viruses. Economics See marginal rate of transformation; structural transformation.
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