A model of central places developed by A. Lösch (1954) which is less narrow than that of Christaller, in that it treats the range, threshold, and hexagonal hinterland of each function separately. The resulting pattern of central places is much more complex than Christaller’s, and yields a continuous, rather than a stepped, distribution of population sizes. See Esselbichler in A. Leyshon et al., eds (2011) pp. 33–4.