“Luna”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

Luna

Astronomy

A series of Moon probes launched by the former Soviet Union, the first few of which were originally known as Lunik. Luna 1 was the first space probe, although it missed its target; Luna 2 was the first man-made object to hit another body in space; Luna 3 took the first pictures of the Moon’s farside. Luna 9 made the first soft landing on the Moon and sent back the first pictures from its surface, while Luna 10 was the first probe to go into orbit around the Moon. Lunas 16, 20, and 24 brought lunar samples back to Earth; Lunas 17 and 21 delivered the Lunokhod rovers to the Moon’s surface (see accompanying table).

Successful Luna Probes^a

Probe	Launch date	Results
Luna 1	1959 January 2	Missed Moon by 6000 km
Luna 2	1959 September 12	Hit Moon September 13
Luna 3	1959 October 4	Photographed Moon’s farside
Luna 9	1966 January 31	Landed on Oceanus Procellarum February 3
Luna 10	1966 March 31	Entered lunar orbit April 3
Luna 11	1966 August 24	Entered lunar orbit August 27
Luna 12	1966 October 22	Entered lunar orbit October 25
Luna 13	1966 December 21	Landed in Oceanus Procellarum December 24
Luna 14	1968 April 7	Entered lunar orbit April 10
Luna 16	1970 September 12	Landed in Mare Fecunditatis September 20; returned to Earth September 24 with 100 g of lunar soil
Luna 17	1970 November 10	Landed in Mare Imbrium November 17; carried Lunokhod 1 rover
Luna 19	1971 September 28	Entered lunar orbit October 3
Luna 20	1972 February 14	Landed in Mare Fecunditatis February 21; returned to Earth February 25 with 30 g soil sample
Luna 21	1973 January 8	Landed in Mare Serenitatis January 15; carried Lunokhod 2 rover
Luna 22	1974 May 29	Entered lunar orbit June 2
Luna 23	1974 October 28	Landed in Mare Crisium November 6; damaged drill prevented sample return
Luna 24	1976 August 9	Landed in Mare Crisium August 18; returned to Earth August 22 with 170 g of soil

^a Lunas 4–8, 15, and 18 were failed landers.

All dates are UT.

Space Exploration

A series of 24 crewless Soviet probes launched towards the Moon between 1959 and 1976. Luna 1 missed the Moon in January 1959. Luna 2 was the first object from Earth to hit the Moon, in September 1959. Luna 3 passed behind the Moon a month later, and took the first pictures of the Moon's far side. Luna 9 was the first spacecraft to make a soft landing on the Moon, in February 1966, transmitting photographs of the surface to the Earth. Luna 10 was the first craft to orbit the Moon. Luna 17 (November 1970) and Luna 21 (January 1973) landed Lunokhod roving vehicles, which were driven over the Moon's surface by remote control from Earth. Luna 16 (September 1970), Luna 20 (February 1972), and Luna 24 (August 1976) returned soil samples to Earth.

Geology and Earth Sciences

A series of Soviet lunar missions that ran from 1959 to 1976.
http://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/missions/luna/ An RSA mission to collect information about the Moon.