Lotze studied at Leipzig, and in 1844 became professor at Göttingen, where he remained until the last year of his life, when he briefly held the chair at Berlin. His philosophy tempered idealism with empiricism, and in contrast to the monolithic systems of the time embraces the pluralities of the universe, although finding ultimate intelligibility only in the activities of spirits and their relationship with God (see panpsychism). Lotze’s principal works are his Logik (1874) and Metaphysik (1879); these were translated together by Bosanquet as Lotze’s System of Philosophy (1884).