“avalanche”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

avalanche

Physics

A shower of ionized particles created by a single ionization as a result of secondary ionizations caused by the original electron and ion being accelerated in an electric field. Each ionization leads to the formation of more electrons and ions, which themselves cause further ionizations. Such avalanches occur in a Geiger counter.

Electronics and Electrical Engineering

A cumulative ionization process in which a single particle or photon produces several charge carriers, each of which in turn gains sufficient energy from an accelerating field to produce more charge carriers, and so on. A large number of charged particles is thus produced from the initial event. The phenomenon is utilized in, for example, the avalanche photodiode and IMPATT diodes.

Geology and Earth Sciences

See mass-wasting.

Geography

A rapidly descending mass, usually of snow, down a mountainside. Powder avalanches consist of a moving amorphous mass of snow. Slab avalanches occur when a large block of snow moves down a slope and can cut a swathe through the soil and sometimes erode the bedrock if the snow is wet. See A. V. Briuchanov (1967).
Avalanches of other substances are forms of mass movement, and are distinguished by the type of material involved. Debris avalanches are typically triangular in shape, and are associated with morphological discontinuities, such as scarps and road cuts; see Guadagno et al. (2005) Geomorph. 66, 1–4 on man-made cuts and debris slides. Rock avalanches occur when a jointed rock loses internal cohesion, until some sections are held together only by the friction between blocks. If this frictional force is lessened through water seepage, or if lateral support is removed, failure will occur. See Mitchell et al. (2007) Landslides 4, 3.

单词	avalanche
释义	avalanche Physics A shower of ionized particles created by a single ionization as a result of secondary ionizations caused by the original electron and ion being accelerated in an electric field. Each ionization leads to the formation of more electrons and ions, which themselves cause further ionizations. Such avalanches occur in a Geiger counter. Electronics and Electrical Engineering A cumulative ionization process in which a single particle or photon produces several charge carriers, each of which in turn gains sufficient energy from an accelerating field to produce more charge carriers, and so on. A large number of charged particles is thus produced from the initial event. The phenomenon is utilized in, for example, the avalanche photodiode and IMPATT diodes. Geology and Earth Sciences See mass-wasting. Geography A rapidly descending mass, usually of snow, down a mountainside. Powder avalanches consist of a moving amorphous mass of snow. Slab avalanches occur when a large block of snow moves down a slope and can cut a swathe through the soil and sometimes erode the bedrock if the snow is wet. See A. V. Briuchanov (1967). Avalanches of other substances are forms of mass movement, and are distinguished by the type of material involved. Debris avalanches are typically triangular in shape, and are associated with morphological discontinuities, such as scarps and road cuts; see Guadagno et al. (2005) Geomorph. 66, 1–4 on man-made cuts and debris slides. Rock avalanches occur when a jointed rock loses internal cohesion, until some sections are held together only by the friction between blocks. If this frictional force is lessened through water seepage, or if lateral support is removed, failure will occur. See Mitchell et al. (2007) Landslides 4, 3.
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