It is argued that most cultures have a preferred landscape: for example, Eleftheriadis et al. (1990) Env. Manage. 14, 4 find that, out of six European groups, Greeks preferred sea landscapes most, and Italians, Austrians and Yugoslavs (sic) least. Wherret (1999) Landsc. & Urb. Plan. 45, 4 uses the internet to detect preferred Scottish landscapes (but doesn’t tell us what they are). D. M. Williams (2002) theorizes that landscape preference and sense of place must be understood as existing in juxtaposition to other places and scales. See T. Daniel and R. Booster (1976) on predictive models for estimating landscape preference and scenic beauty. Herzog et al. (2000) En. & Behavior 32, 3 observe that young children display higher landscape preference, since they see landscapes as ‘playscapes’, while teenagers are more interested in social concerns.