“ambiguity”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

ambiguity

Philosophy

Having more than one meaning. The simplest case is lexical ambiguity, where a single term has two meanings. A sentence or grammatically complex construction can be ambiguous without any of the words in it being so, because of structural ambiguity: ‘All the nice girls love a sailor’ can bear at least three meanings for this reason (there is one particular sailor loved by all; to each nice girl her own sailor whom she loves; to each nice girl any sailor is lovable). See also amphiboly, systematic ambiguity, type-token ambiguity, act-object ambiguity.

Economics

A situation in which a decision-maker knows the possible future events that may occur but does not know what probability to assign to each event. It can be modelled by assuming the decision-maker knows what probability distributions over events are possible and assigns a probability to each distribution. An example of ambiguity is the following. Assume that the possible future events are high inflation or low inflation. The decision-maker knows that two probability distributions are possible: either a 60 per cent chance of high inflation (and a 40 per cent chance of low inflation) or a 30 per cent chance of high inflation (and a 70 per cent chance of low), and assigns a 50 per cent chance to each of these distributions. Ambiguity falls between ignorance (no probability distributions are ruled out) and risk (there is a unique probability distribution). See also behavioural economics.

单词	ambiguity
释义	ambiguity Philosophy Having more than one meaning. The simplest case is lexical ambiguity, where a single term has two meanings. A sentence or grammatically complex construction can be ambiguous without any of the words in it being so, because of structural ambiguity: ‘All the nice girls love a sailor’ can bear at least three meanings for this reason (there is one particular sailor loved by all; to each nice girl her own sailor whom she loves; to each nice girl any sailor is lovable). See also amphiboly, systematic ambiguity, type-token ambiguity, act-object ambiguity. Economics A situation in which a decision-maker knows the possible future events that may occur but does not know what probability to assign to each event. It can be modelled by assuming the decision-maker knows what probability distributions over events are possible and assigns a probability to each distribution. An example of ambiguity is the following. Assume that the possible future events are high inflation or low inflation. The decision-maker knows that two probability distributions are possible: either a 60 per cent chance of high inflation (and a 40 per cent chance of low inflation) or a 30 per cent chance of high inflation (and a 70 per cent chance of low), and assigns a 50 per cent chance to each of these distributions. Ambiguity falls between ignorance (no probability distributions are ruled out) and risk (there is a unique probability distribution). See also behavioural economics.
随便看	approximation technique approximation theory appulse a priori a priori/a posteriori a priori (in statistics) AprizeSat-3 and -4 aprotic apsacline APSE apse apsidal motion apsides apsis Ap star APT aptation Apterygota Aptian Apt, Jay (1949– ) aptychus APU Apuleius (c.ad 125–80) Apus APW