“air pollution”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

air pollution

Chemistry

The release into the atmosphere of substances that cause a variety of harmful effects to the natural environment. Most air pollutants are gases that are released into the troposphere, which extends about 8 km above the surface of the earth. The burning of fossil fuels, for example in power stations, is a major source of air pollution as this process produces such gases as sulphur dioxide and carbon dioxide. Released into the atmosphere, both these gases are thought to contribute to the greenhouse effect. Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, released in car exhaust fumes, are air pollutants that are responsible for the formation of acid rain; nitrogen oxides also contribute to the formation of photochemical smog. See also ozone layer; pollution.

Chemical Engineering

The release of particles, vapours, and gases into the environment that are harmful to human health and to the environment such as plants, forests, and animals. Carbon dioxide is a product from the combustion of fossil fuels in power stations, vehicles, aeroplanes, (p. 9) and numerous industrial processes, and is a greenhouse gas responsible for contributing to the warming of the Earth’s atmosphere. Methane is another greenhouse gas as are chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which were once widely used as refrigerants and as aerosol propellants but are now banned due to their known damaging effect on the Earth’s ozone layer. Sulphur dioxide is another product of the combustion of fossil fuels and is known as the cause of acid rain.

In the UK, an Act of Parliament was introduced in 1956 to reduce the level of air pollution. It was a landmark in environmental protection and was responsible for reducing the level of smoke pollution as well as sulphur dioxide emitted into the environment.

In the US, the Clean Air Act introduced in 1963, together with its subsequent amendments as a federal law, has been responsible for controlling air pollution. Other governments have also taken measures to control air pollution and limit the emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement between countries to reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide emissions and restrict or ban the emission of certain chemicals such as CFCs. One way of restricting carbon dioxide emissions is to raise the level of taxation on fuels so that people and industrial companies have greater incentives to conserve energy and pollute less.

http://www.environmental-protection.org.uk/air-quality/about-air-pollution/ Official website of Environmental Protection UK.

Biology

The release into the atmosphere of substances that cause a variety of harmful effects to the natural environment. Most air pollutants are gases that are released into the troposphere, which extends about 8 km above the surface of the earth. The burning of fossil fuels, for example in power stations, is a major source of air pollution as this process produces such gases as sulphur dioxide and carbon dioxide. Released into the atmosphere, carbon dioxide is the major contributor to the greenhouse effect. Methane, derived from livestock and rice cultivation, is another significant greenhouse gas. Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, released in car exhaust fumes, are air pollutants that are responsible for the formation of acid rain; nitrogen oxides also contribute to the formation of photochemical smog. See also ozone layer; pollution.

Geography

An atmospheric condition in which substances (air pollutants) are present at concentrations higher than their normal ambient (clean atmosphere) levels that produce measurable adverse effects on humans, animals, vegetation, or materials (J. H. Seinfeld, 1986). For example, the conclusion of Grass and Kane (2008) Int. J. Climatol. 28, 1113, neatly summarizes the effects of stressful weather and elevated air pollution levels on cause-specific mortality in Santiago, Chile, 1988–96. Common pollutants include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen oxides, ozone, smoke, and sulphur dioxide. Givati and Rosenfeld (2004) J. Appl. Meteor. 43, 1038 suggest that air pollution in orographic clouds slows down cloud-drop coalescence and hence delays the conversion of cloud water into precipitation. This effect explains the pattern of greatest loss of precipitation at the midlevel of the upwind slopes, smaller losses at the crest, and enhancement at the downslope side of the hills—quite the opposite of the orographic process of precipitation. See Gulliver and Briggs (2005) Env. Res. 97 on modelling traffic management plans, emission technologies, fuel pricing strategies, and transport policies.
http://greenliving.lovetoknow.com/Types_of_Air_Pollution Description of types of air pollution.
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/transport/road.htm EU emission standards.

单词	air pollution
释义	air pollution Chemistry The release into the atmosphere of substances that cause a variety of harmful effects to the natural environment. Most air pollutants are gases that are released into the troposphere, which extends about 8 km above the surface of the earth. The burning of fossil fuels, for example in power stations, is a major source of air pollution as this process produces such gases as sulphur dioxide and carbon dioxide. Released into the atmosphere, both these gases are thought to contribute to the greenhouse effect. Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, released in car exhaust fumes, are air pollutants that are responsible for the formation of acid rain; nitrogen oxides also contribute to the formation of photochemical smog. See also ozone layer; pollution. Chemical Engineering The release of particles, vapours, and gases into the environment that are harmful to human health and to the environment such as plants, forests, and animals. Carbon dioxide is a product from the combustion of fossil fuels in power stations, vehicles, aeroplanes, (p. 9) and numerous industrial processes, and is a greenhouse gas responsible for contributing to the warming of the Earth’s atmosphere. Methane is another greenhouse gas as are chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which were once widely used as refrigerants and as aerosol propellants but are now banned due to their known damaging effect on the Earth’s ozone layer. Sulphur dioxide is another product of the combustion of fossil fuels and is known as the cause of acid rain. In the UK, an Act of Parliament was introduced in 1956 to reduce the level of air pollution. It was a landmark in environmental protection and was responsible for reducing the level of smoke pollution as well as sulphur dioxide emitted into the environment. In the US, the Clean Air Act introduced in 1963, together with its subsequent amendments as a federal law, has been responsible for controlling air pollution. Other governments have also taken measures to control air pollution and limit the emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement between countries to reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide emissions and restrict or ban the emission of certain chemicals such as CFCs. One way of restricting carbon dioxide emissions is to raise the level of taxation on fuels so that people and industrial companies have greater incentives to conserve energy and pollute less. http://www.environmental-protection.org.uk/air-quality/about-air-pollution/ Official website of Environmental Protection UK. Biology The release into the atmosphere of substances that cause a variety of harmful effects to the natural environment. Most air pollutants are gases that are released into the troposphere, which extends about 8 km above the surface of the earth. The burning of fossil fuels, for example in power stations, is a major source of air pollution as this process produces such gases as sulphur dioxide and carbon dioxide. Released into the atmosphere, carbon dioxide is the major contributor to the greenhouse effect. Methane, derived from livestock and rice cultivation, is another significant greenhouse gas. Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, released in car exhaust fumes, are air pollutants that are responsible for the formation of acid rain; nitrogen oxides also contribute to the formation of photochemical smog. See also ozone layer; pollution. Geography An atmospheric condition in which substances (air pollutants) are present at concentrations higher than their normal ambient (clean atmosphere) levels that produce measurable adverse effects on humans, animals, vegetation, or materials (J. H. Seinfeld, 1986). For example, the conclusion of Grass and Kane (2008) Int. J. Climatol. 28, 1113, neatly summarizes the effects of stressful weather and elevated air pollution levels on cause-specific mortality in Santiago, Chile, 1988–96. Common pollutants include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen oxides, ozone, smoke, and sulphur dioxide. Givati and Rosenfeld (2004) J. Appl. Meteor. 43, 1038 suggest that air pollution in orographic clouds slows down cloud-drop coalescence and hence delays the conversion of cloud water into precipitation. This effect explains the pattern of greatest loss of precipitation at the midlevel of the upwind slopes, smaller losses at the crest, and enhancement at the downslope side of the hills—quite the opposite of the orographic process of precipitation. See Gulliver and Briggs (2005) Env. Res. 97 on modelling traffic management plans, emission technologies, fuel pricing strategies, and transport policies. http://greenliving.lovetoknow.com/Types_of_Air_Pollution Description of types of air pollution. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/transport/road.htm EU emission standards.
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