“irrigation”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

irrigation

Biology

The provision of water for crops by artificial methods; for example by constructing ditches, pipe systems, and canals. Irrigation can lead to problems when the water leaches trace elements from the soil; selenium, for example, can be toxic to both local fauna and flora. Irrigation can also increase the salinity of the soil, if diverted rivers are used to provide the water. Evaporation of surface water leaves a crust of salt, which can drain down to deeper layers of the soil.

Geology and Earth Sciences

The process of artificially augmenting the amount of water available to crops. The water may be sprayed directly on to the plants or made available to their root systems through a series of surface channels or ditches.

Geography

The supply of water to the land by means of channels, streams, and sprinklers in order to permit the growth of crops. Without irrigation arable farming is not possible where annual rainfall is 250 mm or less, and irrigation is advisable in areas of up to 500 mm annual rainfall. To some extent, irrigation can free farmers from the vagaries of rainfall and, to that end, may be used in areas of seemingly sufficient rainfall because irrigation can supply the right amount of water at the right time. ‘The contrasts in adjustments and attitudes over the use of water for agriculture stem largely from the inconsistent provision of information from the scientific community, and differing ideologies, namely environmental protection versus economic development’ (Yang et al. (2006) Geogr. Res. 44, 2). ‘Essential complements to water pricing are water distribution rules and technological choices at critical nodes in the delivery system that allow farmers flexibility in conserving water in response to higher prices. Among supporting institutions, water users’ associations seem a higher priority than water markets’ (Dinar and Mody (2004) Nat. Resources Forum, 28, 1).
Writing on Ecuador, Cremers et al. (2005) Nat. Resources Forum, 29, 1 judge that bottom-up processes of awareness, capacity-building grassroots’ claims, collective action, and mobilization are critical in establishing water rights, together with governmental political will and an enabling political environment. In a Malaysian study, Johnson (2000) Geog. J. 166, 3 show that tertiary intervention has increased the capacity of the farmers to unofficially control the distribution and supply of the water resource, resulting in a significant over-supply of water; inefficient water use; and a reduction in yields without a reduction in incomes. Lam (1994), cited by Kurian and Dietz (2004) Nat. Resources Forum 28, 1, finds a negative correlation between land-holding inequality and irrigation management performance. See Reinfelds et al. (2006) Geogr. Res. 44, 4 on sustainable diversion limits in river systems.

单词	irrigation
释义	irrigation Biology The provision of water for crops by artificial methods; for example by constructing ditches, pipe systems, and canals. Irrigation can lead to problems when the water leaches trace elements from the soil; selenium, for example, can be toxic to both local fauna and flora. Irrigation can also increase the salinity of the soil, if diverted rivers are used to provide the water. Evaporation of surface water leaves a crust of salt, which can drain down to deeper layers of the soil. Geology and Earth Sciences The process of artificially augmenting the amount of water available to crops. The water may be sprayed directly on to the plants or made available to their root systems through a series of surface channels or ditches. Geography The supply of water to the land by means of channels, streams, and sprinklers in order to permit the growth of crops. Without irrigation arable farming is not possible where annual rainfall is 250 mm or less, and irrigation is advisable in areas of up to 500 mm annual rainfall. To some extent, irrigation can free farmers from the vagaries of rainfall and, to that end, may be used in areas of seemingly sufficient rainfall because irrigation can supply the right amount of water at the right time. ‘The contrasts in adjustments and attitudes over the use of water for agriculture stem largely from the inconsistent provision of information from the scientific community, and differing ideologies, namely environmental protection versus economic development’ (Yang et al. (2006) Geogr. Res. 44, 2). ‘Essential complements to water pricing are water distribution rules and technological choices at critical nodes in the delivery system that allow farmers flexibility in conserving water in response to higher prices. Among supporting institutions, water users’ associations seem a higher priority than water markets’ (Dinar and Mody (2004) Nat. Resources Forum, 28, 1). Writing on Ecuador, Cremers et al. (2005) Nat. Resources Forum, 29, 1 judge that bottom-up processes of awareness, capacity-building grassroots’ claims, collective action, and mobilization are critical in establishing water rights, together with governmental political will and an enabling political environment. In a Malaysian study, Johnson (2000) Geog. J. 166, 3 show that tertiary intervention has increased the capacity of the farmers to unofficially control the distribution and supply of the water resource, resulting in a significant over-supply of water; inefficient water use; and a reduction in yields without a reduction in incomes. Lam (1994), cited by Kurian and Dietz (2004) Nat. Resources Forum 28, 1, finds a negative correlation between land-holding inequality and irrigation management performance. See Reinfelds et al. (2006) Geogr. Res. 44, 4 on sustainable diversion limits in river systems.
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