“ionization”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

ionization

Physics

The process of producing ions. Certain molecules (see electrolyte) ionize in solution; for example, acids ionize when dissolved in water:

$HCl \to H^{+} + {Cl}^{-}$

Electron transfer also causes ionization in certain reactions; for example, sodium and chlorine react by the transfer of a valence electron from the sodium atom to the chlorine atom to form the ions that constitute a sodium chloride crystal:

$Na + Cl \to {Na}^{+} {Cl}^{-}$

Ions may also be formed when an atom or molecule loses one or more electrons as a result of energy gained in a collision with another particle or a quantum of radiation (see photoionization). This may occur as a result of the impact of ionizing radiation or of thermal ionization and the reaction takes the form

$A \to A^{+} + e$

Alternatively, ions can be formed by electron capture, i.e.

$A + e \to A^{-}$

Astronomy

The process by which an atom or molecule loses or gains electrons. Atoms that have lost or gained one electron are said to be singly ionized; if they have lost or gained two electrons they are doubly ionized; and so on. Ionization occurs at high temperatures (thermal ionization), as in a star, or by the impact of high-energy atomic particles (e.g. electrons, protons, alpha particles) or short-wavelength radiation (ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays). See also Bound–Free Transition.

Chemistry

The process of producing ions. Certain molecules (see electrolyte) ionize in solution; for example, acids ionize when dissolved in water (see also solvation):
$HCl \to H^{+} {+ Cl}^{-}$
Electron transfer also causes ionization in certain reactions; for example, sodium and chlorine react by the transfer of a valence electron from the sodium atom to the chlorine atom to form the ions that constitute a sodium chloride crystal:
$Na + Cl \to {Na}^{+} {Cl}^{-}$
Ions may also be formed when an atom or molecule loses one or more electrons as a result of energy gained in a collision with another particle or a quantum of radiation (see photoionization). This may occur as a result of the impact of ionizing radiation or of thermal ionization and the reaction takes the form
$A \to A^{+} + e$
Alternatively, ions can be formed by electron capture, i.e.
$A + e \to A^{-}$

Chemical Engineering

The process of forming ions involving the absorption or emission of electrons by atoms or molecules. It can occur in several ways such as the reaction of two neutral atoms; by the combination of an already-existing ion with other particles; by the breaking of a covalent bond in such a way that each bond is associated with one of the parts such as the dissociation of water to form a hydrogen ion and a hydroxyl ion; and by the passage of energetic charged particles through gases, liquids, and solids, such as X-rays, beta particles, gamma rays, UV radiation, and electric discharges through gases.

Electronics and Electrical Engineering

Any process in which ions are formed from neutral atoms. Ions are formed spontaneously when an electrolyte dissolves in a suitable solvent. The action of ionizing radiation (X-rays, alpha, beta, or gamma rays, fast electrons, etc.) is required for ions to be formed in a gas.

单词	ionization
释义	ionization Physics The process of producing ions. Certain molecules (see electrolyte) ionize in solution; for example, acids ionize when dissolved in water: $HCl \to H^{+} + {Cl}^{-}$ Electron transfer also causes ionization in certain reactions; for example, sodium and chlorine react by the transfer of a valence electron from the sodium atom to the chlorine atom to form the ions that constitute a sodium chloride crystal: $Na + Cl \to {Na}^{+} {Cl}^{-}$ Ions may also be formed when an atom or molecule loses one or more electrons as a result of energy gained in a collision with another particle or a quantum of radiation (see photoionization). This may occur as a result of the impact of ionizing radiation or of thermal ionization and the reaction takes the form $A \to A^{+} + e$ Alternatively, ions can be formed by electron capture, i.e. $A + e \to A^{-}$ Astronomy The process by which an atom or molecule loses or gains electrons. Atoms that have lost or gained one electron are said to be singly ionized; if they have lost or gained two electrons they are doubly ionized; and so on. Ionization occurs at high temperatures (thermal ionization), as in a star, or by the impact of high-energy atomic particles (e.g. electrons, protons, alpha particles) or short-wavelength radiation (ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays). See also Bound–Free Transition. Chemistry The process of producing ions. Certain molecules (see electrolyte) ionize in solution; for example, acids ionize when dissolved in water (see also solvation): $HCl \to H^{+} {+ Cl}^{-}$ Electron transfer also causes ionization in certain reactions; for example, sodium and chlorine react by the transfer of a valence electron from the sodium atom to the chlorine atom to form the ions that constitute a sodium chloride crystal: $Na + Cl \to {Na}^{+} {Cl}^{-}$ Ions may also be formed when an atom or molecule loses one or more electrons as a result of energy gained in a collision with another particle or a quantum of radiation (see photoionization). This may occur as a result of the impact of ionizing radiation or of thermal ionization and the reaction takes the form $A \to A^{+} + e$ Alternatively, ions can be formed by electron capture, i.e. $A + e \to A^{-}$ Chemical Engineering The process of forming ions involving the absorption or emission of electrons by atoms or molecules. It can occur in several ways such as the reaction of two neutral atoms; by the combination of an already-existing ion with other particles; by the breaking of a covalent bond in such a way that each bond is associated with one of the parts such as the dissociation of water to form a hydrogen ion and a hydroxyl ion; and by the passage of energetic charged particles through gases, liquids, and solids, such as X-rays, beta particles, gamma rays, UV radiation, and electric discharges through gases. Electronics and Electrical Engineering Any process in which ions are formed from neutral atoms. Ions are formed spontaneously when an electrolyte dissolves in a suitable solvent. The action of ionizing radiation (X-rays, alpha, beta, or gamma rays, fast electrons, etc.) is required for ions to be formed in a gas.
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