“involution”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

involution

Mathematics

A function or transformation which is its own inverse, that is to say applying it twice produces the identity map. The identity will also be an involution trivially, but more interesting ones are any reflection, rotation by 180°, multiplication by −1, taking reciprocals, complex conjugates, and taking complements of sets.

Biology

1. A decrease in the size of an organ or the body. It may be associated with functional decline, as occurs in the ageing process, or follow enlargement, as when the uterus returns to its normal size after pregnancy.
2. The turning or rolling inwards of cells that occurs during the development of some vertebrate embryos.

Geology and Earth Sciences

Contorted bedding in the near-surface zone of unconsolidated earth material or bedrock. Deformation may be regular, producing festoon-like features (e.g. ‘frost boils’), or highly irregular, showing pronounced distortion and twisting. Involution is characteristic of past and present periglacial zones, and is due basically to ground freezing.

Geography

1 The refolding of two nappes differing in age so that parts of the younger nappe lie below older rocks.
2 The convolution of layers of ground under periglacial conditions. To form thermokarst involutions, ice-rich permafrost must thaw, drainage conditions must be poor, and sediments must vary in texture or composition. In addition, the sediments should be susceptible to fluidization, liquefaction, or hydroplastic deformation (Murton and French (1993) Perm. & Periglac. 4, 3). The repetition of differential heave and soft-loam settlement promotes decimetre-scale involutions in near-saturated soils subject to deep seasonal frost penetration (Ogino and Matsuoka (2007) Perm. & Periglac. 18, 4).

单词	involution
释义	involution Mathematics A function or transformation which is its own inverse, that is to say applying it twice produces the identity map. The identity will also be an involution trivially, but more interesting ones are any reflection, rotation by 180°, multiplication by −1, taking reciprocals, complex conjugates, and taking complements of sets. Biology 1. A decrease in the size of an organ or the body. It may be associated with functional decline, as occurs in the ageing process, or follow enlargement, as when the uterus returns to its normal size after pregnancy. 2. The turning or rolling inwards of cells that occurs during the development of some vertebrate embryos. Geology and Earth Sciences Contorted bedding in the near-surface zone of unconsolidated earth material or bedrock. Deformation may be regular, producing festoon-like features (e.g. ‘frost boils’), or highly irregular, showing pronounced distortion and twisting. Involution is characteristic of past and present periglacial zones, and is due basically to ground freezing. Geography 1 The refolding of two nappes differing in age so that parts of the younger nappe lie below older rocks. 2 The convolution of layers of ground under periglacial conditions. To form thermokarst involutions, ice-rich permafrost must thaw, drainage conditions must be poor, and sediments must vary in texture or composition. In addition, the sediments should be susceptible to fluidization, liquefaction, or hydroplastic deformation (Murton and French (1993) Perm. & Periglac. 4, 3). The repetition of differential heave and soft-loam settlement promotes decimetre-scale involutions in near-saturated soils subject to deep seasonal frost penetration (Ogino and Matsuoka (2007) Perm. & Periglac. 18, 4).
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