Models which attempt to represent human behaviour in a realistic way, measuring and representing the decision-making that leads to the organization of human activities in time and space. These range from daily household decisions—what to do, where and when to do it, and by which mode of transport—to long-term decisions relating to land use and transport networks. See T. Nisbet, H. Orr, and S. Broadmeadow (2004) for using integrated land use planning to resolve problems of sedimentation.

Despite examples such as these, Coucelis (2005, Env. & Plan. A 37, 8) argues that ‘despite more than four decades of effort to integrate the two fields, the place of land-use models in planning remains problematic’.

www.clw.csiro.au/heartlands The Heartlands Initiative.