“industry”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

industry

Chemical Engineering

An economic activity by businesses that involves the manufacture of products through the conversion of raw materials, production of goods, or supply of services. See chemical industry.

Geography

A sector of the economy in which firms use similar factor inputs to create a group of related products and/or services. The extraction of natural resources, including agriculture, is primary industry; manufacturing is secondary industry; tertiary industry comprises services, including transportation and communication; quaternary industry deals with a range of producer services from banking to retailing to real estate; and quinary industry with consumer services such as education, health care, and government information. With economic development, industry moves from primary industry to progressively less material-oriented activities such as textiles and clothing, until, over time, tertiary industries dominate; the sequence is illustrated in the figure.

The relative dominance of the latter three categories over the former two in many industrialized countries has informed discussions of a post-industrial society, in which Miozzo and Soete (2001) Tech. Forecast. & Soc. 67, 2 identify research and development, design, marketing, distribution, and after-sales maintenance as essential.

Phelps and Ozawa (2003) PHG 27, 5 propose four industrial phases.

	Protoindustrial	Industrial	Late industrial	Post-industrial
Sectorial basis	Agriculture-manufacturing	Manufacturing	Manufacturing	Services-manufacturing
Division of labour	Intra-firm, intra- and inter-sectorial	Inter-firm and inter-sectorial	Intra- and inter-firm, intra-sectorial	Inter- and inter-firm, inter- and intra-sectorial
Source of accumulation	Exports →domestic	Domestic → exports	Domestic → exports	Exports → domestic

Industry. Industrial change in Japan 1990–2002

Source: Ström, 2005, Soc. Sci. Japan J 8, 2

Economics

1. A sector of the economy, in which firms use similar factor inputs to make a group of related products. The Standard Industrial Classification is a partition of industry into sectors and subsectors.
2. A group of sectors, mainly in manufacturing and construction, typically producing physical goods rather than services. The Confederation of British Industry is a UK organization representing firms in these sectors, and the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy is the main UK government department responsible for dealing with them. See also footloose industry; infant industry; nationalized industry; service industry.