“spallation”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

spallation

Physics

A type of nuclear reaction in which the interacting nuclei disintegrate into a large number of protons, neutrons, and other light particles, rather than exchanging nucleons between them. It is thought that most of the nuclei of light elements, such as boron, are made in this way. Spallation reactions of this type are thought to occur in interstellar space when a high-energy particle, such as a proton, hits a nucleus.

Astronomy

A type of nuclear fission that takes place when matter is bombarded by high-energy atomic particles or cosmic rays. Meteoroids, asteroids, and the Moon are all bombarded by solar particles and cosmic rays, chiefly very high-energy protons. These interact with elements in their surface rocks, producing atoms such as helium-3, neon-21, and argon-38. Spallation also changes the overall composition of high-energy galactic cosmic rays when they collide with stationary atoms of interstellar matter. New atoms of light elements such as lithium, boron, and beryllium are produced. Consequently, these elements are a million times more abundant in cosmic rays than in stars.

Chemistry

A type of nuclear reaction in which a nucleus is hit by a high-energy cosmic ray in interstellar space, causing protons and neutrons to be ‘chipped off’ from the nucleus, resulting in a nucleus of lower atomic number. It is thought that most lithium, beryllium, and boron in the universe comes from the spallation of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. It is also thought that those elements that are slightly lighter than iron are formed by spallation of iron.

Geology and Earth Sciences

1. (nuclear) A nuclear reaction involving the ejection of many particles from an atomic nucleus, following a collision with a high-energy particle. Both the mass number and the atomic number of the target nucleus are changed by the event.
2. (planetary geol.) The removal of the surface layers of a rock by the interaction of a compressional shock wave with the surface, caused by micrometeorite impact. See ‘zap pits’.

单词	spallation
释义	spallation Physics A type of nuclear reaction in which the interacting nuclei disintegrate into a large number of protons, neutrons, and other light particles, rather than exchanging nucleons between them. It is thought that most of the nuclei of light elements, such as boron, are made in this way. Spallation reactions of this type are thought to occur in interstellar space when a high-energy particle, such as a proton, hits a nucleus. Astronomy A type of nuclear fission that takes place when matter is bombarded by high-energy atomic particles or cosmic rays. Meteoroids, asteroids, and the Moon are all bombarded by solar particles and cosmic rays, chiefly very high-energy protons. These interact with elements in their surface rocks, producing atoms such as helium-3, neon-21, and argon-38. Spallation also changes the overall composition of high-energy galactic cosmic rays when they collide with stationary atoms of interstellar matter. New atoms of light elements such as lithium, boron, and beryllium are produced. Consequently, these elements are a million times more abundant in cosmic rays than in stars. Chemistry A type of nuclear reaction in which a nucleus is hit by a high-energy cosmic ray in interstellar space, causing protons and neutrons to be ‘chipped off’ from the nucleus, resulting in a nucleus of lower atomic number. It is thought that most lithium, beryllium, and boron in the universe comes from the spallation of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. It is also thought that those elements that are slightly lighter than iron are formed by spallation of iron. Geology and Earth Sciences 1. (nuclear) A nuclear reaction involving the ejection of many particles from an atomic nucleus, following a collision with a high-energy particle. Both the mass number and the atomic number of the target nucleus are changed by the event. 2. (planetary geol.) The removal of the surface layers of a rock by the interaction of a compressional shock wave with the surface, caused by micrometeorite impact. See ‘zap pits’.
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