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单词 Habsburg
释义
Habsburg

World History
  • The most prominent European royal dynasty from the 15th to the 20th century. Their name derives from Habichtsburg (Hawk’s Castle) in Switzerland, built in 1020. The founder of the family power was Rudolf I, who was King of the Romans (1273–91) and conqueror of Austria and Styria, beginning the family’s rule over Austria. Habsburg domination of Europe resulted from the shrewd marriage policy of Maximilian I (1459–1519), whose own marriage gained The Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Burgundy and that of his son, Philip, which brought Castile, Aragon, and the Spanish New World possessions as well as Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia. Habsburgs also ruled Hungary and Bohemia from 1526 to 1918. Thus the zenith of Habsburg power came under Charles I, King of Spain and emperor (as Charles V, 1519–56) in the 16th century. In 1700 the Spanish line became extinct and in the subsequent War of the Spanish Succession (1703–13) the Spanish inheritance passed to the Bourbons. The Austrian Habsburgs (after 1740 the House of Habsburg-Lorraine) flourished again under Maria Theresa (1717–80) and her son Joseph II (1741–90). The Habsburgs ended the Napoleonic wars with the loss of the Austrian Netherlands and the title Holy Roman Emperor, but continued to rule over Austria. Following the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 they had to make concessions to Hungarian nationalism with the formation of Austria-Hungary. The emperor Francis Joseph came increasingly to clash with Russian ambitions in the Balkans. Nationalist aspirations led eventually to the disintegration of his empire during World War I. The last Habsburg monarch, Emperor Charles I of Austria (Charles IV of Hungary), renounced his title in November 1918 and was later deposed.


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