“gene”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

gene

Biology

A unit of heredity composed of DNA. In classical genetics (see mendelism; mendel’s laws) a gene is visualized as a discrete particle, forming part of a chromosome, that determines a particular characteristic. It can exist in different forms called alleles, which determine which aspect of the characteristic is shown (e.g. tallness or shortness for the characteristic of height).
A gene occupies a specific position (locus) on a chromosome. In view of the discoveries of molecular genetics, it may be defined as the sequence of nucleotides of DNA (or RNA) concerned with a specific function, such as the synthesis of a single polypeptide chain or of an RNA molecule, corresponding to a particular sequence of the genetic code. One or more of these structural genes, coding for protein, may be associated with other genes controlling their expression (see operon). Only about 1.5% of human genes encode proteins, although about 75% of the genome is transcribed, at least on some occasions. Much of this gives rise to various types of non-protein-coding RNA, now thought to play crucial roles in controlling the expression of structural genes. See also cistron.

Geology and Earth Sciences

Fundamental physical unit of heredity. It occupies a fixed chromosomal locus, and when transcribed has a specific effect upon the phenotype. It may mutate, and so yield various allelic forms. A gene comprises a segment of DNA (in some viruses it is RNA) coding for one function or several related functions. The DNA is usually situated in thread-like chromosomes, together with protein, within the nucleus; in bacteria and viruses, though, the chromosomes comprise simply a long thread of DNA.

Philosophy

The ‘unit of inheritance’ that controls the passing of a hereditary characteristic from parent to offspring, by controlling the structure of proteins or other genetic material. The term was introduced by W. L. Johannsen in 1909 as an abbreviation of ‘pangene’. It is interesting as having been consciously intended as a purely functional notion: ‘completely free from any hypothesis; it expresses only the evident fact that, in any case, many characteristics of the organism are specified in the gametes by means of special conditions, foundations and determiners…’ Genes are now identified with lengths of DNA or RNA. Simplistic forms of biological determinism suppose that arbitrary characteristics of an organism (e.g. poverty, criminality) are genetically specified.

单词	gene
释义	gene Biology A unit of heredity composed of DNA. In classical genetics (see mendelism; mendel’s laws) a gene is visualized as a discrete particle, forming part of a chromosome, that determines a particular characteristic. It can exist in different forms called alleles, which determine which aspect of the characteristic is shown (e.g. tallness or shortness for the characteristic of height). A gene occupies a specific position (locus) on a chromosome. In view of the discoveries of molecular genetics, it may be defined as the sequence of nucleotides of DNA (or RNA) concerned with a specific function, such as the synthesis of a single polypeptide chain or of an RNA molecule, corresponding to a particular sequence of the genetic code. One or more of these structural genes, coding for protein, may be associated with other genes controlling their expression (see operon). Only about 1.5% of human genes encode proteins, although about 75% of the genome is transcribed, at least on some occasions. Much of this gives rise to various types of non-protein-coding RNA, now thought to play crucial roles in controlling the expression of structural genes. See also cistron. Geology and Earth Sciences Fundamental physical unit of heredity. It occupies a fixed chromosomal locus, and when transcribed has a specific effect upon the phenotype. It may mutate, and so yield various allelic forms. A gene comprises a segment of DNA (in some viruses it is RNA) coding for one function or several related functions. The DNA is usually situated in thread-like chromosomes, together with protein, within the nucleus; in bacteria and viruses, though, the chromosomes comprise simply a long thread of DNA. Philosophy The ‘unit of inheritance’ that controls the passing of a hereditary characteristic from parent to offspring, by controlling the structure of proteins or other genetic material. The term was introduced by W. L. Johannsen in 1909 as an abbreviation of ‘pangene’. It is interesting as having been consciously intended as a purely functional notion: ‘completely free from any hypothesis; it expresses only the evident fact that, in any case, many characteristics of the organism are specified in the gametes by means of special conditions, foundations and determiners…’ Genes are now identified with lengths of DNA or RNA. Simplistic forms of biological determinism suppose that arbitrary characteristics of an organism (e.g. poverty, criminality) are genetically specified.
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