“resolution”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

resolution

Physics

The separation of a vector quantity into two components, which are usually at right angles to each other. Thus, a force F acting on a body in a vertical plane at an angle θ‎ to the horizontal can be resolved into a horizontal component Fcosθ‎ and a vertical component Fsinθ‎, both in the same plane as the original force.

Mathematics

The process of writing a vector in terms of its components in two or three mutually perpendicular directions.

Astronomy

See resolving power.

Chemistry

The process of separating a racemic mixture into its optically active constituents. In some cases the crystals of the two forms have a different appearance, and the separation can be done by hand. In general, however, physical methods (distillation, crystallization, etc.) cannot be used because the optical isomers have identical physical properties. The most common technique is to react the mixture with a compound that is itself optically active, and then separate the two. For instance, a racemic mixture of l-A and d-A reacted with l-B, gives two compounds AB that are not optical isomers but diastereoisomers and can be separated and reconverted into the pure l-A and d-A. Biological techniques using bacteria that convert one form but not the other can also be used.

Chemical Engineering

1. The smallest increment of change that can be detected by an instrument or other measurement system.

2. The process of separating something into its constituent parts.

Computer

1. The amount of graphical information that can be shown on a visual display. The resolution of a display device is usually denoted by the number of lines that can be distinguished visually per inch.
Resolution is often confused with addressability. The addressability of a computer-graphics system is defined by the number of displayable lines, or alternatively by the number of points or pixels (picture elements) that can be displayed in the vertical and horizontal directions. Computer graphics systems are now capable of addressing many thousand pixels horizontally and vertically but the resolution is likely to be nearer 400 lines per inch.
2. See A/D converter, D/A converter.
3. A rule of inference in mathematical logic, used to deduce a new logical formula from two old ones. It has been used extensively in the automatic derivation of mathematical theorems since it is an efficient alternative to traditional rules of inference. See also unification.

Electronics and Electrical Engineering

1. See spatial resolution.
2. See screen resolution.

Logic

A classically valid inference rule by which one may infer a particular clause—a finite disjunction of literals—from two clauses in which an atom $p$ appears in one and its negation $\neg p$ appears in the other. Formally, this is represented by the rule:
$\frac{φ_{0} \lor … \lor ξ \lor … \lor φ_{m - 1} ψ_{0} \lor … \lor \neg ξ \lor … \lor ψ_{n - 1}}{φ_{0} \lor … \lor φ_{m - 1} \lor ψ_{0} \lor … \lor ψ_{n - 1}}$
where each formula is a literal. When $\to$ is the material conditional, hypothetical syllogism can be seen as a special case of resolution, i.e.:
$\frac{\frac{φ \to ψ}{\neg φ \lor ψ} \frac{ψ \to ξ}{\neg ψ \lor ξ}}{\frac{\neg φ \lor ξ}{φ \to ξ}}$
Resolution is important in the field of automated theorem proving, in which formulae are uniformly placed into conjunctive normal form, i.e., finite conjunctions of clauses, because it is the only inference required to show that an unsatisfiable formula cannot be satisfied.

单词	resolution
释义	resolution Physics The separation of a vector quantity into two components, which are usually at right angles to each other. Thus, a force F acting on a body in a vertical plane at an angle θ‎ to the horizontal can be resolved into a horizontal component Fcosθ‎ and a vertical component Fsinθ‎, both in the same plane as the original force. Mathematics The process of writing a vector in terms of its components in two or three mutually perpendicular directions. Astronomy See resolving power. Chemistry The process of separating a racemic mixture into its optically active constituents. In some cases the crystals of the two forms have a different appearance, and the separation can be done by hand. In general, however, physical methods (distillation, crystallization, etc.) cannot be used because the optical isomers have identical physical properties. The most common technique is to react the mixture with a compound that is itself optically active, and then separate the two. For instance, a racemic mixture of l-A and d-A reacted with l-B, gives two compounds AB that are not optical isomers but diastereoisomers and can be separated and reconverted into the pure l-A and d-A. Biological techniques using bacteria that convert one form but not the other can also be used. Chemical Engineering 1. The smallest increment of change that can be detected by an instrument or other measurement system. 2. The process of separating something into its constituent parts. Computer 1. The amount of graphical information that can be shown on a visual display. The resolution of a display device is usually denoted by the number of lines that can be distinguished visually per inch. Resolution is often confused with addressability. The addressability of a computer-graphics system is defined by the number of displayable lines, or alternatively by the number of points or pixels (picture elements) that can be displayed in the vertical and horizontal directions. Computer graphics systems are now capable of addressing many thousand pixels horizontally and vertically but the resolution is likely to be nearer 400 lines per inch. 2. See A/D converter, D/A converter. 3. A rule of inference in mathematical logic, used to deduce a new logical formula from two old ones. It has been used extensively in the automatic derivation of mathematical theorems since it is an efficient alternative to traditional rules of inference. See also unification. Electronics and Electrical Engineering 1. See spatial resolution. 2. See screen resolution. Logic A classically valid inference rule by which one may infer a particular clause—a finite disjunction of literals—from two clauses in which an atom $p$ appears in one and its negation $\neg p$ appears in the other. Formally, this is represented by the rule: $\frac{φ_{0} \lor … \lor ξ \lor … \lor φ_{m - 1} ψ_{0} \lor … \lor \neg ξ \lor … \lor ψ_{n - 1}}{φ_{0} \lor … \lor φ_{m - 1} \lor ψ_{0} \lor … \lor ψ_{n - 1}}$ where each formula is a literal. When $\to$ is the material conditional, hypothetical syllogism can be seen as a special case of resolution, i.e.: $\frac{\frac{φ \to ψ}{\neg φ \lor ψ} \frac{ψ \to ξ}{\neg ψ \lor ξ}}{\frac{\neg φ \lor ξ}{φ \to ξ}}$ Resolution is important in the field of automated theorem proving, in which formulae are uniformly placed into conjunctive normal form, i.e., finite conjunctions of clauses, because it is the only inference required to show that an unsatisfiable formula cannot be satisfied.
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