“free trade”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

free trade

Geography

Trade between countries which takes place completely free of restrictions; there are no tariffs and quotas. This allows specialization in member states of free trade areas, and should lower costs because both competition and markets are increased. Beine and Colombe (2006) J. Econ. Geog. 7, 1 find that free trade between Canada and the United States clearly leads to more export diversification in the long run, and Keeling (2008) PHG 32, 2 finds new regional mobilities driven by the expansion of trade blocs such as the European Union or the North American Free Trade Area. However, Killick (2001) Dev. Policy Rev. 19 discredits the neoliberal argument that free trade and economic liberalization will generate prosperity in the developing world; see also Panagariya (2005) Foreign Affairs Special edn. ‘Global trade is by no means free trade…actions on the part of the USA through the US Trade Representative’s Office and in relation to trade-related intellectual property rights continually threaten to undermine the legitimacy of trade regimes’ (Glasmeier and Conroy in J. Peck and H. Wai-chung Yeung, eds 2003) ‘The free trade doctrine is now performed routinely under the auspices of the World Trade Organization. Nevertheless, it remains a local epistemology, whose truth-like status is kept insulated from rigorous challenge by alternative epistemologies and practices’ (Sheppard (2005) TIBG 30). Feagen (2007) PHG 31, 23 calls the free market ‘elusive’.

Economics

A policy of unrestricted foreign trade, with no tariffs or subsidies on imports or exports, and no quotas or other trade restrictions. Free trade implies that this regime applies to most goods, though there may be exceptions, for example agricultural goods or military equipment. It has usually been interpreted as applying only to trade in goods and not in services, but a similar policy can be applied to trade in services. A free-trade policy can be adopted unilaterally, or on a multilateral basis by joining a free-trade area. This is a group of countries which have no tariffs or other restrictions on trade between them, but remain free to control their trade with non-members of the area. Again, this may apply to most but not all types of goods.

World History

An economic policy advocating a free flow of goods between countries to encourage mutual economic development and international harmony by the commercial interdependence of trading nations. A policy of free trade prohibits both tariffs on imports and subsidies on exports designed to protect a country’s industry. The doctrine’s best early statement was by Adam Smith in his Wealth of Nations (1776). At a conference in Geneva in 1947 a first schedule for freer world trade was drawn up, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). For over a decade after World War II Britain also was a strong supporter of moves to restore freer trade. It was a founder member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) in 1958, but as adverse economic conditions developed in the 1960s Britain sought entry into the European Economic Community (now the European Union). In Eastern Europe a similar community, COMECON, was established in 1949; after 1987 COMECON sought cooperation with EEC countries. The highly successful growth of the Japanese economy after the war led many countries to seek tariffs against Japan. By the 1990s world economic policies were confused, some policies supporting free trade and others supporting trade protection measures. In 1993, at the conclusion of the Uruguay Round of GATT negotiations, the members of GATT agreed to further cuts in tariffs and to create the World Trade Organization (WTO) as GATT’s successor. In addition to tariffs, important related issues in the early 2000s were the use of export subsidies, which allow rich countries to ‘dump’ their exports on poor countries to the detriment of their economic development, and the fair access of poor countries to rich countries’ markets.

单词	free trade
释义	free trade Geography Trade between countries which takes place completely free of restrictions; there are no tariffs and quotas. This allows specialization in member states of free trade areas, and should lower costs because both competition and markets are increased. Beine and Colombe (2006) J. Econ. Geog. 7, 1 find that free trade between Canada and the United States clearly leads to more export diversification in the long run, and Keeling (2008) PHG 32, 2 finds new regional mobilities driven by the expansion of trade blocs such as the European Union or the North American Free Trade Area. However, Killick (2001) Dev. Policy Rev. 19 discredits the neoliberal argument that free trade and economic liberalization will generate prosperity in the developing world; see also Panagariya (2005) Foreign Affairs Special edn. ‘Global trade is by no means free trade…actions on the part of the USA through the US Trade Representative’s Office and in relation to trade-related intellectual property rights continually threaten to undermine the legitimacy of trade regimes’ (Glasmeier and Conroy in J. Peck and H. Wai-chung Yeung, eds 2003) ‘The free trade doctrine is now performed routinely under the auspices of the World Trade Organization. Nevertheless, it remains a local epistemology, whose truth-like status is kept insulated from rigorous challenge by alternative epistemologies and practices’ (Sheppard (2005) TIBG 30). Feagen (2007) PHG 31, 23 calls the free market ‘elusive’. Economics A policy of unrestricted foreign trade, with no tariffs or subsidies on imports or exports, and no quotas or other trade restrictions. Free trade implies that this regime applies to most goods, though there may be exceptions, for example agricultural goods or military equipment. It has usually been interpreted as applying only to trade in goods and not in services, but a similar policy can be applied to trade in services. A free-trade policy can be adopted unilaterally, or on a multilateral basis by joining a free-trade area. This is a group of countries which have no tariffs or other restrictions on trade between them, but remain free to control their trade with non-members of the area. Again, this may apply to most but not all types of goods. World History An economic policy advocating a free flow of goods between countries to encourage mutual economic development and international harmony by the commercial interdependence of trading nations. A policy of free trade prohibits both tariffs on imports and subsidies on exports designed to protect a country’s industry. The doctrine’s best early statement was by Adam Smith in his Wealth of Nations (1776). At a conference in Geneva in 1947 a first schedule for freer world trade was drawn up, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). For over a decade after World War II Britain also was a strong supporter of moves to restore freer trade. It was a founder member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) in 1958, but as adverse economic conditions developed in the 1960s Britain sought entry into the European Economic Community (now the European Union). In Eastern Europe a similar community, COMECON, was established in 1949; after 1987 COMECON sought cooperation with EEC countries. The highly successful growth of the Japanese economy after the war led many countries to seek tariffs against Japan. By the 1990s world economic policies were confused, some policies supporting free trade and others supporting trade protection measures. In 1993, at the conclusion of the Uruguay Round of GATT negotiations, the members of GATT agreed to further cuts in tariffs and to create the World Trade Organization (WTO) as GATT’s successor. In addition to tariffs, important related issues in the early 2000s were the use of export subsidies, which allow rich countries to ‘dump’ their exports on poor countries to the detriment of their economic development, and the fair access of poor countries to rich countries’ markets.
随便看	pulse repetition period pulse separation pulse shaper pulse shaping exotherm exothermic exothermic reaction exotic exotic atom exotoxin exp expand expanded memory expanded plastic expanded sweep expanded-sweep generator expander expanding Earth expanding spread expanding universe expansin expansion expansion bend expansion card expansion((of an algebra))