Regions may be seen as ‘sub-national or transnational areas differentiated from their larger host state(s) by regional claims to distinctive historical, cultural, political and/or economic experiences’ (Dahlman (2009) in C. Gallaher et al.). Regionalism, then, is a set of claims or an identity made on the basis of the region. Giordano (2000) Pol. Geog. 19, 445 distinguishes between institutional regionalism, which relates more to the processes of ‘regionalization’ that have taken place within and between European states, and autonomist regionalism, which refers to the forms of minority, separatist, and ethnic regionalisms that have gained increasing exposure in recent decades. Also, the two categories are not mutually exclusive. Jonas and Pincetl (2006) Pol. Geog. 25, 482 describe a new civic regionalism, based on participatory, inclusive, and partnership models of governance in California. Jones and MacLeod (2004) TIBG 29, 4 write on spaces of regionalism, which (re)assert ‘national and regional claims to citizenship, insurgent forms of political mobilization and cultural expression and the formation of new contours of territorial government’; see J. Agnew (2002), for example.