Limiting or charging more for things such as banking, insurance, health care, or even supermarkets, to people who live in what are seen as high-risk districts. ‘The practice originated in the 1930s, when federal agencies encouraged lenders to rate neighbourhoods for mortgage risk. Since the 1960s, especially in the US, it has been associated with disinvestment, racial discrimination, and neighbourhood decline. It has always been viewed as a feature of the inner city. Historical evidence indicates that across Canada the first areas to be redlined were the less-desirable suburbs’ (Forrester (2003) Urb. Studs 40, 13 2661. Harris (2003) Canad. Geogr./Géogr. canad. 47, 3 argues that the suburban origin of redlining in Canada ‘perpetuated social class diversity in Canadian suburbs.’ Eisenhauer (2001) GeoJournal 53, 2 describes the location of out-of-town superstores as ‘supermarket redlining’.