“fluctuation–dissipation theorem”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

fluctuation–dissipation theorem

Physics

A theory relating quantities in equilibrium and nonequilibrium statistical mechanics and microscopic and macroscopic quantities. The fluctuation–dissipation theorem was first derived for electrical circuits with noise in 1928 by Harry Nyquist; a general theorem in statistical mechanics was derived by Herbert Callen and Theodore Welton in 1951. The underlying principle of the fluctuation–dissipation theorem is that a nonequilibrium state may have been reached as a result of either a random fluctuation or an external force (such as an electric or magnetic field) and that the evolution towards equilibrium is the same in both cases (for a sufficiently small fluctuation). The fluctuation–dissipation theorem enables transport coefficients to be calculated in terms of response to external fields.

Chemistry

A theory relating quantities in equilibrium and nonequilibrium statistical mechanics and microscopic and macroscopic quantities. The fluctuation–dissipation theorem can be traced back to the 1905 work on Brownian motion by Albert Einstein and was first derived for electrical circuits with noise in 1928 by H. Nyquist (1889–1976); a general theorem in statistical mechanics was derived by H. B. Callen (1919–93) and T. A. Welton (1918–2010) in 1951. The underlying principle of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem is that a nonequilibrium state may have been reached either as a result of a random fluctuation or an external force (such as an electric or magnetic field) and that the evolution towards equilibrium is the same in both cases (for a sufficiently small fluctuation). The fluctuation-dissipation theorem enables transport coefficients to be calculated in terms of response to external fields.

单词	fluctuation–dissipation theorem
释义	fluctuation–dissipation theorem Physics A theory relating quantities in equilibrium and nonequilibrium statistical mechanics and microscopic and macroscopic quantities. The fluctuation–dissipation theorem was first derived for electrical circuits with noise in 1928 by Harry Nyquist; a general theorem in statistical mechanics was derived by Herbert Callen and Theodore Welton in 1951. The underlying principle of the fluctuation–dissipation theorem is that a nonequilibrium state may have been reached as a result of either a random fluctuation or an external force (such as an electric or magnetic field) and that the evolution towards equilibrium is the same in both cases (for a sufficiently small fluctuation). The fluctuation–dissipation theorem enables transport coefficients to be calculated in terms of response to external fields. Chemistry A theory relating quantities in equilibrium and nonequilibrium statistical mechanics and microscopic and macroscopic quantities. The fluctuation–dissipation theorem can be traced back to the 1905 work on Brownian motion by Albert Einstein and was first derived for electrical circuits with noise in 1928 by H. Nyquist (1889–1976); a general theorem in statistical mechanics was derived by H. B. Callen (1919–93) and T. A. Welton (1918–2010) in 1951. The underlying principle of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem is that a nonequilibrium state may have been reached either as a result of a random fluctuation or an external force (such as an electric or magnetic field) and that the evolution towards equilibrium is the same in both cases (for a sufficiently small fluctuation). The fluctuation-dissipation theorem enables transport coefficients to be calculated in terms of response to external fields.
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