An increase in the volume of a substance for a given mass. This may be due to a decrease in pressure or an increase in temperature of a gas, or due to a swelling effect of moisture in a porous material. When water cools, the density decreases until it reaches 4°C where it has a minimum volume and maximum density. Cooled further and turned to ice, its volume increases and density decreases to below that of liquid water, which is why ice floats and can lead to burst pipes in winter.