The study of the way different social groups are geographically marginalized and discriminated against along lines of gender, race, class, sexuality, age, and disability; how some groups of people are deemed ‘out of place’ in some locales and are pushed to the margins of society. For example, in the Indian state of Kerala, certain groups such as fisherfolk, scheduled castes, and scheduled tribes have been marginalized, a situation that is now being addressed; see the seminal work of D. Sibley (1995). See also social exclusion.