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单词 property
释义
property

Philosophy
  • In social life, to have something as property is to have the right to use it. Use may here include exclusion of other people, consumption, transfer, loan, alteration, destruction, etc., so it can come in various degrees. There is no reason for all such uses to be protected by law as one indivisible whole (for instance, a property right in land need not include the right to exclude the public or destroy the land; ownership of a building may not even include the right to alter it at will; my right to use my arm may not go with a right to sell it to someone else). The foundation of individual property rights is a principal topic of political theory. Suggestions include that of Locke, that we have a natural right in that with which we have ‘mixed our labour’ the consequentialist argument that without such rights things would be worse all round; and the Hegelian view that only in a framework of property rights is individual freedom possible. Again, there are differences depending upon what kind of property is in question: private possession of the means of production of goods may be treated quite differently from private rights to consumption of goods (see Proudhon). The institution of property is given the same function and the same explanation by Hume as the institution of promises. Abolition of private property is one of the aims of the Communist Manifesto (see Marx).

  • In logic and metaphysics, properties are attributes or characteristics, universals that may belong to one or many things at the same time. Properties have extensions, that is, a class of things to which they belong, which may be empty. But different properties (having a heart, having a liver) may characterize the same extensions. Much metaphysics circles around whether two apparently different properties can properly be regarded as one. Other parts tackle the question of the difference between the essential and the accidental properties of things. The problem of universals is an attempt to understand or even to abolish the distinction between particular things and their properties.


Economics
  • 1. Land and buildings; the UK legal term for these is real property. Property forms an important part of a country’s capital stock.

    2. Ownership of assets by private individuals or organizations. These assets may include property in sense 1, but may also include securities and intellectual property such as patents. Property incomes are incomes derived from such assets. See also intellectual property rights; private property.


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