“energy”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

energy

Physics

A measure of a system’s ability to do work. Like work itself, it is measured in joules. Energy is conveniently classified into two forms: potential energy is the energy stored in a body or system as a consequence of its position, shape, or state (this includes gravitational energy, electrical energy, nuclear energy, and chemical energy); kinetic energy is energy of motion and is usually defined as the work that will be done by the body possessing the energy when it is brought to rest. For a body of mass m having a speed v, the kinetic energy is mv²/2 (classical) or (m−m₀)c² (relativistic). The rotational kinetic energy of a body having an angular velocity ω‎ is Iω‎²/2, where I is its moment of inertia.

The internal energy of a body is the sum of the potential energy and the kinetic energy of its component atoms and molecules.

It is a fundamental feature of physics that energy is always conserved in any process. It has occasionally been suggested in various contexts that energy is not conserved, but these suggestions have always turned out to be incorrect.

Mathematics

Mechanics is, in general, concerned with two forms of energy: kinetic energy and potential energy. When there is a transference of energy of one of these forms into energy of another form such as heat or noise, there may be a loss of energy.

Energy has dimensions ML²T⁻², and the SI unit of measurement is the joule.

Chemistry

A measure of a system’s ability to do work. Like work itself, it is measured in joules. Energy is conveniently classified into two forms: potential energy is the energy stored in a body or system as a consequence of its position, shape, or state (this includes gravitational energy, electrical energy, nuclear energy, and chemical energy); kinetic energy is energy of motion and is usually defined as the work that will be done by the body possessing the energy when it is brought to rest. For a body of mass m having a speed v, the kinetic energy is mv²/2 (classical) or (m – m₀)c² (relativistic). The rotational kinetic energy of a body having an angular velocity ω‎ is Iω‎²/2, where I is its moment of inertia.
The internal energy of a body is the sum of the potential energy and the kinetic energy of its component atoms and molecules.

Chemical Engineering

The capacity or ability of a system to do work. It may be identified by type as being kinetic, potential, internal, and flow, or by source such as electric, chemical, mechanical, nuclear, biological, solar, etc. Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, but converted from one form to another. It can be stored as potential energy, nuclear, and chemical energy, whereas kinetic energy is the energy in the motion of a body defined as the work that is done in bringing the body to rest. The internal energy is the sum of the potential energy and kinetic energy of the atoms and molecules of the body. Like work, energy has the SI units of joules.

Biology

A measure of a system’s ability to do work. Like work itself, it is measured in joules. Energy is conveniently classified into two forms: potential energy is the energy stored in a body or system as a consequence of its position, shape, or state (this includes chemical energy in food substances, etc.); kinetic energy is energy of motion and is usually defined as the work that will be done by the body possessing the energy when it is brought to rest.

Geography

The physical capacity for doing work. Nearly all our energy derives from the sun, and technical progress has reflected more and more sophisticated uses of energy, from wind and water, through fossil fuels, to nuclear power.
In the early stages of industrialization, energy consumption is closely related to levels of economic development, and per capita GNP—see Zeng et al. (2008) Science 319, 5864 on China. Mature economies tend to be more energy efficient, perhaps because technology improves, and the emphasis shifts to service industries (M. Carr 1997). Even so, the advanced economies still account for most of the world’s energy consumption.
World demand for energy has increased so much that an energy crisis (a potential shortage of energy) has been identified; see the Roosevelt Institution’s 25 ways of solving the energy crisis. This crisis, together with the adverse environmental effects associated with the burning of fossil fuels (greenhouse effect, acid rain) has led to increased emphasis on energy conservation. Energy intensity is energy consumption per unit GDP. AAAG 101 (2011), issue 4 is devoted to new geographies of energy.
http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/world.html Energy Administration Information.

Philosophy

The capacity of something to generate work, itself defined as the product of force times distance. In the seventeenth century dispute arose between the Cartesians, who held that energy should be measured by mass times velocity (later separately identified as momentum), and Leibniz, who held that it was proportional to mass times the square of the velocity. Later potential energy, stored in a system such as a mass at a height, or a coiled spring, became distinguished from the original idea of kinetic energy. More subtle concepts of energy evolve in special and general relativity theory.

单词	energy
释义	energy Physics A measure of a system’s ability to do work. Like work itself, it is measured in joules. Energy is conveniently classified into two forms: potential energy is the energy stored in a body or system as a consequence of its position, shape, or state (this includes gravitational energy, electrical energy, nuclear energy, and chemical energy); kinetic energy is energy of motion and is usually defined as the work that will be done by the body possessing the energy when it is brought to rest. For a body of mass m having a speed v, the kinetic energy is mv²/2 (classical) or (m−m₀)c² (relativistic). The rotational kinetic energy of a body having an angular velocity ω‎ is Iω‎²/2, where I is its moment of inertia. The internal energy of a body is the sum of the potential energy and the kinetic energy of its component atoms and molecules. It is a fundamental feature of physics that energy is always conserved in any process. It has occasionally been suggested in various contexts that energy is not conserved, but these suggestions have always turned out to be incorrect. Mathematics Mechanics is, in general, concerned with two forms of energy: kinetic energy and potential energy. When there is a transference of energy of one of these forms into energy of another form such as heat or noise, there may be a loss of energy. Energy has dimensions ML²T⁻², and the SI unit of measurement is the joule. Chemistry A measure of a system’s ability to do work. Like work itself, it is measured in joules. Energy is conveniently classified into two forms: potential energy is the energy stored in a body or system as a consequence of its position, shape, or state (this includes gravitational energy, electrical energy, nuclear energy, and chemical energy); kinetic energy is energy of motion and is usually defined as the work that will be done by the body possessing the energy when it is brought to rest. For a body of mass m having a speed v, the kinetic energy is mv²/2 (classical) or (m – m₀)c² (relativistic). The rotational kinetic energy of a body having an angular velocity ω‎ is Iω‎²/2, where I is its moment of inertia. The internal energy of a body is the sum of the potential energy and the kinetic energy of its component atoms and molecules. Chemical Engineering The capacity or ability of a system to do work. It may be identified by type as being kinetic, potential, internal, and flow, or by source such as electric, chemical, mechanical, nuclear, biological, solar, etc. Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, but converted from one form to another. It can be stored as potential energy, nuclear, and chemical energy, whereas kinetic energy is the energy in the motion of a body defined as the work that is done in bringing the body to rest. The internal energy is the sum of the potential energy and kinetic energy of the atoms and molecules of the body. Like work, energy has the SI units of joules. Biology A measure of a system’s ability to do work. Like work itself, it is measured in joules. Energy is conveniently classified into two forms: potential energy is the energy stored in a body or system as a consequence of its position, shape, or state (this includes chemical energy in food substances, etc.); kinetic energy is energy of motion and is usually defined as the work that will be done by the body possessing the energy when it is brought to rest. Geography The physical capacity for doing work. Nearly all our energy derives from the sun, and technical progress has reflected more and more sophisticated uses of energy, from wind and water, through fossil fuels, to nuclear power. In the early stages of industrialization, energy consumption is closely related to levels of economic development, and per capita GNP—see Zeng et al. (2008) Science 319, 5864 on China. Mature economies tend to be more energy efficient, perhaps because technology improves, and the emphasis shifts to service industries (M. Carr 1997). Even so, the advanced economies still account for most of the world’s energy consumption. World demand for energy has increased so much that an energy crisis (a potential shortage of energy) has been identified; see the Roosevelt Institution’s 25 ways of solving the energy crisis. This crisis, together with the adverse environmental effects associated with the burning of fossil fuels (greenhouse effect, acid rain) has led to increased emphasis on energy conservation. Energy intensity is energy consumption per unit GDP. AAAG 101 (2011), issue 4 is devoted to new geographies of energy. http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/world.html Energy Administration Information. Philosophy The capacity of something to generate work, itself defined as the product of force times distance. In the seventeenth century dispute arose between the Cartesians, who held that energy should be measured by mass times velocity (later separately identified as momentum), and Leibniz, who held that it was proportional to mass times the square of the velocity. Later potential energy, stored in a system such as a mass at a height, or a coiled spring, became distinguished from the original idea of kinetic energy. More subtle concepts of energy evolve in special and general relativity theory.
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