An area of land formed as the result of enclosing (with fences, ditches, and hedges) what had usually been common land so as to make it private property. In Tudor times enclosure was popularly seen as the conversion of the peasants’ tilled land to grass on which a landowner’s sheep would graze: the sheep were eating men, it was said, because the villagers were losing both their employment and their tillage. Enclosures became a national issue, but although they were denounced by the church (especially by Cardinal Wolsey and Thomas More) and were penalized by statutes and royal proclamations, and even provoked Kett’s Rebellion (1549), their financial advantages were so strong that they continued to be carried out.

In the second half of the 18th century enclosure by private Act of Parliament increased dramatically, and the General Enclosure Act of 1801 standardized the procedure. Enclosures were less unpopular in the 18th century, as they enabled farmers to introduce improvements in crops and breeding without reference to their neighbours.