“population”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

population

Mathematics

A set about which inferences are to be drawn based on a sample taken from the set. The sample may be used to reject a hypothesis about the population or not.

Statistics

The complete set of all people in a country, or a town, or any region (or just the number of such people). By extension the term is used for the complete set of objects of interest; for example, all cars built by a particular company in the year 2001, all apples sold as Grade I by a particular supermarket, all students in a university, all smokers. These are all real populations and are finite, though they may be large. The term is also used for the infinite population of all possible results of a sequence of statistical trials; for example, tossing a coin.

Computer

See sampling.

Biology

1. A group of individuals of the same species that live within a defined area and interact with each other. The nature of a population is determined by such factors as density, sex ratio, age structure, birth and death rates (see reproduction rate), emigration, and immigration. The interaction of individuals is affected by how they are distributed within their habitat, i.e. their dispersion. Compare community.
2. The total number of individuals of a given species or other class of organisms in a defined area, e.g. the population of rodents in Britain. One method of estimating the size of a population of mobile animals is the mark-recapture method. See also metapopulation.
3. In statistics and experimental design, the complete set of entities from which a sample is drawn for study or experiment with the aim of making valid inferences about the population as a whole. See sampling.

Geography

A group of individuals of the same species within a community. Life tables provide a picture of survival and mortality in populations. Cohort life tables—whereby individuals are tracked from birth—are appropriate for plants and sessile organisms. Static life tables—which record age at death within a certain period of time—are appropriate for mobile and long-lived organisms. For the laws of population ecology, see Turchin (2001) Oikos 94, 1.

Philosophy

Most ethical thinking supposes a fixed population, and considers such things as the distribution of resources amongst them. If population is itself made a matter of decision, then further problems arise. Do numbers matter by themselves, with it being a better world if more people live lives of some positive happiness? Or does only the average level of welfare matter? If a mother conceives in a way that she knows is likely to bring about the existence of a handicapped child, when she could have acted differently and avoided the risk, why has she done wrong? Nobody would have been better off had she acted otherwise, for the only child that does exist would not have existed. These and other questions are subtly explored in Parfit’s Reasons and Persons (1984). See also Malthus.

单词	population
释义	population Mathematics A set about which inferences are to be drawn based on a sample taken from the set. The sample may be used to reject a hypothesis about the population or not. Statistics The complete set of all people in a country, or a town, or any region (or just the number of such people). By extension the term is used for the complete set of objects of interest; for example, all cars built by a particular company in the year 2001, all apples sold as Grade I by a particular supermarket, all students in a university, all smokers. These are all real populations and are finite, though they may be large. The term is also used for the infinite population of all possible results of a sequence of statistical trials; for example, tossing a coin. Computer See sampling. Biology 1. A group of individuals of the same species that live within a defined area and interact with each other. The nature of a population is determined by such factors as density, sex ratio, age structure, birth and death rates (see reproduction rate), emigration, and immigration. The interaction of individuals is affected by how they are distributed within their habitat, i.e. their dispersion. Compare community. 2. The total number of individuals of a given species or other class of organisms in a defined area, e.g. the population of rodents in Britain. One method of estimating the size of a population of mobile animals is the mark-recapture method. See also metapopulation. 3. In statistics and experimental design, the complete set of entities from which a sample is drawn for study or experiment with the aim of making valid inferences about the population as a whole. See sampling. Geography A group of individuals of the same species within a community. Life tables provide a picture of survival and mortality in populations. Cohort life tables—whereby individuals are tracked from birth—are appropriate for plants and sessile organisms. Static life tables—which record age at death within a certain period of time—are appropriate for mobile and long-lived organisms. For the laws of population ecology, see Turchin (2001) Oikos 94, 1. Philosophy Most ethical thinking supposes a fixed population, and considers such things as the distribution of resources amongst them. If population is itself made a matter of decision, then further problems arise. Do numbers matter by themselves, with it being a better world if more people live lives of some positive happiness? Or does only the average level of welfare matter? If a mother conceives in a way that she knows is likely to bring about the existence of a handicapped child, when she could have acted differently and avoided the risk, why has she done wrong? Nobody would have been better off had she acted otherwise, for the only child that does exist would not have existed. These and other questions are subtly explored in Parfit’s Reasons and Persons (1984). See also Malthus.
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