The geographical analysis of elections; the study of the spatial patterns of voting and power. Johnston et al. (2004) Pol. Geog. 23, 4 find that ‘similar people vote differently in different places’ (see Pattie and Johnston (1998) Area 30 on the contextual effect). Other concerns include the influence of voting decisions upon the environment, and the drawing of constituency boundaries; in India, for example, constituency boundaries had to be redrawn frequently to take into account the latest census figures, reorganization of states, graduation of some of the union territories into states, and bifurcation or trifurcation of some states, to fulfil the demands and aspirations of the people within a new federal structure (Singh (2000) Pol. Geog. 19, 4).