A stage (315–306.5 Ma ago) in the Silesian European epoch (Pennsylvanian), subdivided into Westphalian A, B, C, and D (the original Westphalian E is now included in the Stephanian series). It is underlain by the Namurian, overlain by the Stephanian, and is roughly contemporaneous with the Upper Bashkirian plus most of the Moscovian series.