His regime was noted for being authoritarian and oppressive; many of his opponents were either assassinated or forced into exile by his security force, known as the Tontons Macoutes. He proclaimed himself President for life in 1964 and was succeeded on his death by his son Jean-Claude Duvalier (known as ‘Baby Doc’, 1951–2014); the Duvalier regime ended in 1986 when a mass uprising forced Jean-Claude to flee the country. He returned in 2011 and was arrested on charges of corruption, though not convicted.