‘Place identity is subjected to an imposed, created and manufactured place construction, while sense of place remains personal, found and grounded in the lived experiences of many residents’ (Carter et al. (2007) Soc. & Cult. Geog. 8, 5). See Hall (1997) Ecumene 4 on repositioning place identity; see McGuirk and Rowe (2001) Australian Geog. Studs 39, 1 and Schwartz (2002) Pol. Geog. 25, 1.