King of Spain, Naples, and Sicily (1556–98) and, as Philip I, of Portugal (1580–98). He was the only legitimate son of Emperor Charles V. He was married four times: to Mary of Portugal (1543), to Mary I of England (1554), to Isabella of France (1559), and to Anne of Austria (1570), whose son by him was his successor as Philip III of Spain. He ruled Spain and the Spanish empire industriously during its ‘golden age’, not leaving the Iberian Peninsula at all after 1559. Although he generally subordinated his crusading zeal to more worldly considerations, his strongly Catholic religious policies helped to provoke the Dutch Revolts (1568–1648) and the Revolt of the Moriscos within Spain (1568–70). His intermittent wars against the Ottomans, his war with England (1585–1604), and his involvement in the French Wars of Religion were all largely motivated by interests of state. His personal brand of absolute monarchy left the country economically crippled as a result of his military expenses.