“discharge”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

discharge

Physics

1. The conversion of the chemical energy stored in a secondary cell into electrical energy.

2. The release of electric charge from a capacitor in an external circuit.

3. The passage of charge carriers through a gas at low pressure in a discharge tube. A potential difference applied between cathode and anode creates an electric field that accelerates any free electrons and ions to their appropriate electrodes. Collisions between electrons and gas molecules create more ions. Collisions also produce excited ions and molecules (see excitation), which decay with emission of light in certain parts of the tube.

Chemistry

1. The conversion of the chemical energy stored in a secondary cell into electrical energy.
2. The release of electric charge from a capacitor in an external circuit.
3. The passage of charge carriers through a gas at low pressure in a discharge tube. A potential difference applied between cathode and anode creates an electric field that accelerates any free electrons and ions to their appropriate electrodes. Collisions between electrons and gas molecules create more ions. Collisions also produce excited ions and molecules (see excitation), which decay with emission of light in certain parts of the tube.

Electronics and Electrical Engineering

1. To remove or reduce the electric charge on a body such as a capacitor.
2. The passage of an electric current or charge through a medium, often accompanied by luminous effects. See breakdown; gas-discharge tube; arc; spark.
3. The conversion of chemical energy into electricity in a cell by drawing current from it.

Logic

In natural deduction accounts of proof theory, the act of absorbing an assumption $φ$ by introducing it into the antecedent of a conditional $φ \to ψ$ at a later stage, where $ψ$ also has appeared. After a formula has been discharged, it may not be employed in further derivations. For example, a conditional proof of the classical theorem $p \to (p \lor q)$ can be informally represented by the inference:
$\begin{matrix} \bar{p} \\ \bar{p \lor q} \\ \bar{p \to (p \lor q)} \end{matrix}$
In the third step, the first premise is absorbed into the new conditional and that instance of the formula $p$ is discharged, as indicated by the bar over it.

Geology and Earth Sciences

A measure of the water flow at a particular point, e.g. a river gauging station, sewage works, or groundwater abstraction well. Various units of measurement are in common use depending on the nature of the discharge being measured. River flow may be expressed in cubic metres per second (misleadingly called ‘cumecs’ in some literature), while borehole flows may be more conveniently expressed as litres per second.

Geography

The quantity of water flowing through a cross-section of a stream or river in unit time. Discharge (Q) is usually measured in cumecs, and calculated as A×V where A is the cross-sectional area of the channel and V is the mean velocity. See R. Charlton (2007) pp. 57–9 for instructions on measuring river discharge. Definitions of dominant discharge (also known as effective discharge) vary; at its simplest it is the flood discharge that achieves the greatest total geomorphic work, but see Ferro and Porto (2012) Geomorph. 139–40, 313 for a thorough review of definitions. For those rivers in which the relationships of bedload discharge to water discharge are not dominated by very large-sized particles, and where daily mean discharges are an adequate description of streamflow characteristics, dominant discharge is often considered to equate to bankfull discharge (Emmett and Wolman (2001) ESPL 26, 1369).

单词	discharge
释义	discharge Physics 1. The conversion of the chemical energy stored in a secondary cell into electrical energy. 2. The release of electric charge from a capacitor in an external circuit. 3. The passage of charge carriers through a gas at low pressure in a discharge tube. A potential difference applied between cathode and anode creates an electric field that accelerates any free electrons and ions to their appropriate electrodes. Collisions between electrons and gas molecules create more ions. Collisions also produce excited ions and molecules (see excitation), which decay with emission of light in certain parts of the tube. Chemistry 1. The conversion of the chemical energy stored in a secondary cell into electrical energy. 2. The release of electric charge from a capacitor in an external circuit. 3. The passage of charge carriers through a gas at low pressure in a discharge tube. A potential difference applied between cathode and anode creates an electric field that accelerates any free electrons and ions to their appropriate electrodes. Collisions between electrons and gas molecules create more ions. Collisions also produce excited ions and molecules (see excitation), which decay with emission of light in certain parts of the tube. Electronics and Electrical Engineering 1. To remove or reduce the electric charge on a body such as a capacitor. 2. The passage of an electric current or charge through a medium, often accompanied by luminous effects. See breakdown; gas-discharge tube; arc; spark. 3. The conversion of chemical energy into electricity in a cell by drawing current from it. Logic In natural deduction accounts of proof theory, the act of absorbing an assumption $φ$ by introducing it into the antecedent of a conditional $φ \to ψ$ at a later stage, where $ψ$ also has appeared. After a formula has been discharged, it may not be employed in further derivations. For example, a conditional proof of the classical theorem $p \to (p \lor q)$ can be informally represented by the inference: $\begin{matrix} \bar{p} \\ \bar{p \lor q} \\ \bar{p \to (p \lor q)} \end{matrix}$ In the third step, the first premise is absorbed into the new conditional and that instance of the formula $p$ is discharged, as indicated by the bar over it. Geology and Earth Sciences A measure of the water flow at a particular point, e.g. a river gauging station, sewage works, or groundwater abstraction well. Various units of measurement are in common use depending on the nature of the discharge being measured. River flow may be expressed in cubic metres per second (misleadingly called ‘cumecs’ in some literature), while borehole flows may be more conveniently expressed as litres per second. Geography The quantity of water flowing through a cross-section of a stream or river in unit time. Discharge (Q) is usually measured in cumecs, and calculated as A×V where A is the cross-sectional area of the channel and V is the mean velocity. See R. Charlton (2007) pp. 57–9 for instructions on measuring river discharge. Definitions of dominant discharge (also known as effective discharge) vary; at its simplest it is the flood discharge that achieves the greatest total geomorphic work, but see Ferro and Porto (2012) Geomorph. 139–40, 313 for a thorough review of definitions. For those rivers in which the relationships of bedload discharge to water discharge are not dominated by very large-sized particles, and where daily mean discharges are an adequate description of streamflow characteristics, dominant discharge is often considered to equate to bankfull discharge (Emmett and Wolman (2001) ESPL 26, 1369).
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