1. The Late Carboniferous epoch, preceded by the Mississippian, followed by the Early Permian, and comprising the Early, Middle, and Late Pennsylvanian sub-epochs, dated at 318.1–299 Ma ago (Int. Commission on Stratigraphy, 2004).

2. The name of the corresponding N. American sub-system, comprising the Morrowan, Atokan (Derryan), Desmoinesian, Missourian, and Virgilian series, and roughly contemporaneous with most of the Silesian sub-system (i.e. above Namurian A).