Settlements in 19th-century Australia for convicts who had committed further crimes within the colonies. Newcastle, New South Wales was used as a penal settlement from 1804 to 1824, convicts there worked as coalminers, cedar cutters, and lime burners. Port Macquarie (1821–30) and Moreton Bay (1824–39) also were used as penal settlements. Norfolk Island, resettled in 1825 as a penal settlement, became notorious. It held an average of 1500 to 2000 convicts, considered to be of the worst type. Punishment was harsh and a number of mutinies occurred. The last convicts left Norfolk Island in 1856. Port Arthur, in Van Diemen’s Land (modern Tasmania), begun in 1830, was finally closed in 1877.