A research strategy that is based on participation and action from the community it is working with; looking for change grounded on local knowledge and local experience. PAR ‘seeks to democratize knowledge production and foster opportunities for empowerment by those involved’ (Kindon et al. (2008) Int. Encyclopedia Hum. Geog.). PRA is thus a bottom-up approach. Lane et al. (2011) 36, 1, 15 discuss participatory research in comparison with other research methods on flood risk. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) uses the same approaches; see Yusuf (2007) J. Agric. Res. & Dev. 6, 37.