In the separation of mixtures by paper chromatography or thin-layer chromatography, the production of colored derivatives of the solutes by spraying the stationary phase with selective reagents in order to establish the location of individual substances.

A process of regulated growth and differentiation that results from interaction of the genome with the cytoplasm, the internal cellular environment, and the external environment.

The exploratory work required to determine the best production techniques to bring a new process or piece of equipment to the production stage.

The progression of changes in fossil groups which have succeeded one another during deposition of the strata of the earth.

The stage in the processing of an exposed photosensitive material in which the latent image becomes visible.

The process of intensification of an atmospheric disturbance, most commonly applied to cyclones and anticyclones.

Opening of a coal seam or ore body by sinking shafts or driving levels, as well as installing equipment, for proving ore reserves and exploiting them.